THIRD CONDITIONAL REVIEW

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RELATIVE CLAUSES

There are three types of relative clauses in the English language - defining, non-defining and connective.
1. Defining relative clauses
They specify a noun or pronoun in the main clause and are necessary if we want to understand the
meaning of a sentence.
I saw the girl who was outside our house. They wanted the picture that cost two pounds.
These relative clauses specify the objects of the main clauses. If we omit them, it is not clear what girl or
picture we are talking about. The defining relative clauses follow after the relative pronouns who, which,
that, whose and whom. We do not write them with commas.
Use of the relative pronouns
Who for persons
The man who called you has just arrived.
Which for things
This is the book which I wanted.
That for persons and things
Are you the boy that lives next door?
Can you see the tree that has no leaves?
The relative pronoun that is less formal than who or which.
Whose is a possessive pronoun for persons and things
It is a story about a boy whose parents got divorced.
The river whose bridge is in front of us is called the Cam.
Whom is the object of a verb
The man whom I met yesterday ...
Whom is very formal. In spoken English who or that are much more common.
The man who I met ... The man that I met ...
We can also leave out the pronoun. It is the most usual form.
The man I met ...
If the subject in the main clause is different from the subject in the defining relative clause, we normally
leave out the relative pronoun.
The student you saw in Oxford is my neighbour. (the subjects are the student and you)
The bike she borrowed belongs to me. (the subjects are the bike and she)
Be careful
If  the subject in the main clause and the relative clause is the same, we cannot omit the pronoun,
because it becomes the subject of the relative clause.
The driver who took you to school is from York. The pen that is on the desk is new.
There is only one subject in each sentence - the driver and the pen.
If we leave out the subject, it will not be clear what we mean.
The driver took you to school is from York. (This sentence does not make any sense.)
Relative pronouns with prepositions
We use the relative pronouns with prepositions as follows.The man I got it from .....
The man who/that I got it from .....
The man from whom I got it .....
The last sentence is not very common in spoken English as it is quite formal.
2. Non-defining relative clauses
They only describe a preceding noun or pronoun (add some information about them), but do not specify
them. The non-defining relative clauses must be written with commas.
My father, who is 65 now, still works.
His car, which cost nearly 20,000 pounds, is broken.
If we leave out these relative clauses (My father still works. His car is broken.), the sentences remain
grammatically correct and we know what father or car we are talking about. The only effect is that there is
less information in the sentences.
More examples
I gave it to Peter, who is my close friend.
Ann, whom I admire, is not right in this case.
Their garden, which is near here, looks beautiful.
Pam, whose children go to school, is not so busy.
The non-defining relative clauses are quite formal and are typical of written English. In spoken English we
prefer less formal structures.
Written English: My father, who is 65 now, still works.
Spoken English: My father is 65 now and still works.
Written English: Their garden, which is near here, looks beautiful.
Spoken English: Their garden is near here. It looks beautiful.
In informal English we use who instead of whom.
Formal: Sam, whom I know quite well, would be a good husband.
Informal: Sam, who I know quite well, would be a good husband.
3. Connective relative clauses
Connective clauses do not define or describe the preceding nouns or pronouns, but only develop the
story.
I gave the letter to James, who sent it to London.
She passed me the salt, which fell on the floor.
The function of the connective clauses is different, but the rules are the same as with the non-defining
clauses. We make them with the pronouns who, whom, whose, which and write them with commas.
Remember
We cannot write the defining relative clauses with commas, because they change the meaning of a
sentence. Compare the following sentences.
The passengers who fastened their seatbelts survived. (Which passengers survived? Only the pasengers
wearing the seatbelts.)
The passengers, who fastened their seatbelts, survived. (Because all the passengers were wearing their
seatbelts, they survived.)
In spoken English we make pauses in sentences instead of commas.

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CONDITIONALS

Grammar rules with examples

There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language. 

Examples: 

The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains.

The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late.                                 

The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the airport.          

The third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her. 

 

► The zero conditional

 

The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the same meaning as when orwhenever.

If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.)

If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally, you pay a fine.)

We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses.

 

► The first conditional

 

The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that can really happen at present or in future.

We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses).

If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on time. If you don't get the ticket, what will you do?

We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive.

 

► The second conditional

 

In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably never happen at present or in future.

If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you).

If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not realistic.)

We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive.

 

Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause.

If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her.

(But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would marry her.)

But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than was.)

 

Compare the first conditional with the second

The main difference between the first conditional and the second conditional is about probability: the first conditional is realistic, the second conditional is unrealistic.

Sometimes we can use both with the following difference in meaning.

If I see him, I will tell him. (I suppose I will see him, because we go to the same school.)

If I saw him, I would tell him. (I don't think I will see him, because he is ill.)

If I need your help, I'll call you. (It is probable that I will need your help.)

If I needed your help, I'd call you. (It is not very probable that I will need your help.)

 

Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional to make it clear that the situation is real or unreal.

If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation)

If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation - I am not from your country.)

Other forms

Apart from the basic structures (if + the present simple + will and if + the past simple + would), we can also make different combinations.

Examples - type 1: 

If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill.

If you are feeling tired, take a rest.        

If he is a good skier, he might make it. 

If you want to be slim, you should eat less.        

If you meet her, could you let me know?

 

Examples - type 2:

If I knew his address, I might go and see him.   

If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now.            

Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more interesting.

 

► The third conditional

 

The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations that happened or did not happen in the past.

If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win anything.)

If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.)

If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.) 

We make if clauses with if + past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive (have + past participle).

 

But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences.

We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the house.         

She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have been sitting next to her.                                                                                  

I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off the bike.

The mixed conditionals

In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional.

If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't here.)

If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I am a porter.)

If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost now. (We told him and he isn't lost.)

The inverted conditionals

We can also make conditional sentences by changing the word order in the if clause.

Had he booked the hotel room, he wouln't have slept at the camp. (If he had booked ... )

Were I in your position, I would accept it. (If I were ... )

This is less common, quite formal and is mostly used in writing.

 

Note

 

If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible.

even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case                                                        

Examples: 

You will leave tonight even if you don't want to.   

You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy.  

We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash.

You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words.

Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... )

 

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TERCER CONDICIONAL

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THIRD CONDITIONAL

Third Conditional: no possibility

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-(

	condition	result
	Past Perfect	WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If	I had won the lottery	I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use WOULD HAVE + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now.

Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead of would have, for example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.

Look at some more examples in the tables below:

IF	condition	result
	past perfect	WOULD HAVE + past participle
If	I had seen Mary	I would have told her.
If	Tara had been free yesterday	I would have invited her.
If	they had not passed their exam	their teacher would have been sad.
If	it had rained yesterday	would you have stayed at home?
If	it had rained yesterday	what would you have done?

 

result	IF	condition
WOULD HAVE + past participle		past perfect
I would have told Mary	if	I had seen her.
I would have invited Tara	if	she had been free yesterday.
Their teacher would have been sad	if	they had not passed their exam.
Would you have stayed at home	if	it had rained yesterday?
What would you have done	if	it had rained yesterday?

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Third conditional

We can use the Third Conditional to talk about 'impossible' conditions, impossible because they are in the past and we cannot change what has happened.

• If I had worked harder at school, I would have got better grades.
• If I had had time, I would have gone to see him. But I didn't have time.
• If we had bought that house, we would have had to rebuild the kitchen.
• If we had caught the earlier train, we would have got there on time but we were late.

Notice that the main clause can contain 'would', 'could' or 'might.

• If I had seen him at the meeting, I would have asked him. (But he wasn't there so I didn't.)
• If I had seen him at the meeting, I could have asked him. ( But he wasn't there so it wasn't possible.)
• If I had seen him at the meeting, I might have asked him. (But I'm not sure. Perhaps if the opportunity had arisen.)
• If I had paid more attention in class, I would have understood the lesson.

Also notice that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.

• I'd have done it. ("if you had asked me but you didn't.")
• I wouldn't have said that. ("if I'd been there.")
• He wouldn't have let him get away with that. ("if he had tried that with me.")

exercise 1

exercise 2

exercise 3

exercise 4

exercise 5

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THIRD CONDITIONAL

Third Conditional, también -Type III- Refiere a una situación hipotética del pasado y se forma según la estructura : if + past perfect + conditional perfect. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.

If clause	Main clause
If + Past Perfect tense	would/could/might + have + past participle
If I had won the lottery,	I would have traveled around the world.

• If I had won the lottery, I would have traveled around the world.
  Si yo hubiera ganado la lotería, habría viajado por todo el mundo.
• If I had seen him, I would have told him about you.
  Si lo hubiese visto, le habría contado acerca de ti.
• If I had known the answer, I would have raised my hand.
  Si hubiese sabido la respuesta, habría levantado mi mano.
• If she had come on Saturday, I would have seen her.
  Si ella hubiese venido el sábado, la habría visto.
• If they had left earlier, they would have arrived on time.
  Si ellos hubiesen salido más temprano, habrían llegado a tiempo.
• If we had studied harder, we might have passed the test.
  Si hubiésemos estudiado más duro, podríamos haber aprobado la prueba.
• If you had gone to Brazil, you would have had lots of fun.
  Si tu hubieses ido a Brasil, habrías tenido mucha diversión.
• If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped you.
  Si no hubiese estado tan ocupado, te podría haber ayudado.
• If you had phoned me, I would have known you were here.
  Si tu me hubieses telefoneado, habría sabido que estabas aquí.
• If they had invited us, we would have accepted at once.
  Si ellos nos hubiesen invitado, habríamos aceptado de inmediato.
• If she had explained me the problem, I would have understood it.
  Si ella me hubiese explicado el problema, lo habría entendido.
• If I hadn't forgotten his number, I would have phoned him.
  Si no hubiese olvidado su número, lo habría llamado.
• If it hadn't rained, we would have gone fishing.
  Si no hubiese llovido, habríamos ido a pescar.
• If my sister had been here, she would have enjoyed this.
  Si mi hermana hubiese estado aquí, habría disfrutado esto.
• If they hadn't drunk so much last night, they wouldn't have felt sick today.
  Si no hubiesen tomado tanto anoche, no se habrían sentido enfermos hoy.
• If he had worked more, he could have saved more money.
  Si él hubiese trabajado más, podría haver ahorrado más dinero.

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THIRD CONDITIONAL

Third Conditional

Introduction

---

The third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. This page will explain how the third conditional is formed, and when to use it. The structure of a third conditional sentence Like the other conditionals, a third conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause: if clause main clause explanation If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. I failed the exam, because I didn't study hard enough. If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma: main clause if clause I probably would have passed the exam if I had studied harder. We use different verb forms in each part of a third conditional: if clause if + subject + past perfect verb* main clause subject + would (OR could, OR might) have + past participle *The past perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and the past participle (or third form) of the verb. Note also that third conditional forms can be contracted: Full form If I had studied harder, I probably would have passed the exam. Contracted form If I'd studied harder, I probably would've passed the exam. Using the third conditional The third conditional is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past. If your native language does not have a similar construction, you may find this a little strange, but it can be very useful. It is often used to express criticism or regret: Example Explanation If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident. Criticism: You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough. If we had played a little better, we could have won the game. Regret: We didn't play well, so we lost the game. If you had saved your money, you could have bought a computer. Criticism: You didn't save your money, so now you can't afford a computer. If it had snowed, we could have gone skiing. Regret: It didn't snow, so we couldn't go skiing. REFERENCE: GO TO THIS LINK http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/grammar/3cond.htm

Los ‘relative clauses’ se usan para definir sobre que persona o que cosa estamos hablando. Con los 'relative clauses’ se puede decir mas información sobre la persona o cosa de que estas hablando. Se emplean mucho por eso es importante saber como usarlos correctamente. Abajo hay explicaciónes sobre los defining relative clauses (sin comas) con ejemplos.

1.
The woman has gone to the beach. La mujer ha ido a la playa. (¿que mujer?)
The woman who lives in the blue house has gone to the beach. La mujer que vive en la casa azul ha ido a la playa. 

Se usa who para refirir a las personas.

En la primera frase no se sabe que mujer ha ido a la playa se usa la clausula ‘who lives in the blue house’ para definir que mujer.

2.
The book is very expensive. El libro es muy caro. (¿que libro?)
The book that is on the table is very expensive. El libro que esta encima de la mesa es muy caro. 

Se usa which para refirir a las cosas.

En la primera frase no se sabe que libro es muy caro y se usa la clausula ‘which is very expensive’ para definir que libro.

3.
This is a picture of the cinema. Esto es un dibujo del cine. (¿que cine?)
This is a picture of the cinema where we met. Esto es un dibujo del cine donde nos conocimos. 

Se usa where para refirir a los lugares.

En la primera frases no sabemos que cine esta en el dibujo se usa la clausula‘where we met’ para definirlo.


Tambien se puede usar that para hablar de personas o cosas.
The woman that lives in the blue house has gone to the beach.
The book that is on the table is very expensive.

Para mas información sobre defining relative clauses haga clic en:
relative clauses 1
(Aquí está la información)

Un relative clause hace referencia a una persona o cosa ya mencionada anteriormente en la frase. Aqui vamos a mirar los defining relative clauses (sin comas).

Ejemplo:
The woman who lives in that house is Spanish. La mujer que vive en aquella casa es Española.

Se usa who para personas

Tambien se puede usar that para personas con el mismo significado en un defining relative clause (sin comas)

Ejemplo:
The woman that lives in that house is Spanish. La mujer que vive en aquella casa es Española.

Se usa that ó which para cosas en un defining relative clause (sin comas) aunque el uso de that es mas común.

Ejemplo:
This is the house that I used to live in. Esta es la casa donde vivía.

EjercicioCompletar estas frases con who ó that y despues haga clic aquí para ver las respuestas. 

1.She is the woman ........won the lottery. Ella es la mujer que ganó la lotería.2.They are the people ..................live in the village. Ellos son las personas que viven en el pueblo. 3.Vegetarians are people ...............don’t eat meat. Los vegetarianos son las personas que no comen carne.
4.This is the place …………..I told you about. Este es el lugar que te conté.
5.This is the restaurant …………..I like. Este es el restaurante que me gusta.

Para mas información sobre who, that y which haga clic en:
relative clauses 2
(Aquí está la información)

Un relative clause hace referencia a una persona ó cosa ya mencionada anteriormente en la frase.

Se puede usar who, that ó which – para mas información haga clic aquí
A veces se puede omitir who, that ó which.

Se puede omitir who, that ó which de la frase si es el objeto de la cláusula.

Ejemplo:
This is the house that I used to live in. Esta es la casa donde vivía.

En esta frase that es el objeto de la cláusula that I used to live in así que se puede decir:

This is the house I used to live in.

Si who, that ó which son el sujeto de la cláusula entonces NO se puede omitir.

Ejemplo:
The woman that lives in this house is Spanish. La mujer que vive en aquella casa es Española.

En esta frase that lives in this house is Spanish that es el sujeto del verbo lives así que No se puede omitir.

Ejercicio
Decidir si se puede omitir who, that ó which en estas frases y después haga clic aquí para ver las respuestas.
1.The person who I spoke at the supermarket was French. La persona con quien hable en el supermercado era Francesa.
2.This is the book that I recommended. Este es el libro que te recomendé.
3. I like the jacket that you are wearing. Me gusta la chaqueta que llevas puesta.
4.The film that I saw was very interesting. La película que vi era muy interesante.
5. The children that were playing in the park were friends. Los niños que estaban jugando en el parque eran amigos.

Para mas información sobre non-defining relative clauses haga clic en:
relative clauses 3

(Aquí está la información) 

Mira este ejemplo:
My neighbour, who is French, is very rich. Mi vecino, quien es Francés, es muy rico.

Esta frase contiene un relative clause llamado un non-defining relative clause. Estos tipos de relative clauses contienen extra información. Se puede decir y entender la frase perfectamente sin ello.

Por ejemplo:

My neighbour is very rich. Mi vecino es muy rico.

Se entiende igual que la frase:

My neighbour, who is French, is very rich. Mi vecino, quien es Francés, es muy rico.

El único diferencia es que la frase contiene mas información.

Sus características son los siguientes:

Tiene comas para separar la clausula del resto de la frase.

Solo se puede usar who para personas y which para cosas.

No se puede usar that

La información que contienen NO es fundamental para la comprensión de la frase.


Compara estas 2 frases con relative clauses

The man who I told you about is very friendly. El hombre que te conté es muy simpático.

Esta frase contiene un relative clause que no se puede omitir porque es importante para la comprensión de toda la frase.

My teacher, who has been working at the same school for 5 years, is getting married on Saturday. Mi profesor, quien lleva 5 años trabajando en la misma escuela, se casa el Sábado.

En esta frase la información - who has been working at the same school for 5 years - NO es fundamental para entender la frase – así que es un non-defining relative clause separado del resto de la frase por comas.

Ejercicio:
Decide si estas frases contienen un defining ó non-defining relative clause. Si es non-defining tienes que añadir comas. Después haga clic aquí para ver las respuestas.

1. My sister who works in a bank is moving house next week.
2. The supermarket which is near my mother’s house is closing down.
3. The capital city of Spain which has a population of about 5 million inhabitants is in the centre of the country.
4. The local beach which was full of people as very dirty.
5. The footballer who was injured last Saturday earns a lot of money.

REFERENCIA
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