PASSIVE VOICE TUTORIAL

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BYAc43d9Hc

PASSIVE VOICE TUTORIAL

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyiH4o3fDRk

SIMPLE FUTURE

Future can be expressed in English in several ways but to express the Simple Future there are three main forms: present continuous, be going to and will. Although the present continuous and be going to or be going to and will can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express very different meanings.

USE.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS	Used for a planned activity and you have arranged to do it	Tomorrow I'm playing tennis
(BE) GOING TO + VERB	Used for a planned activity that you intend to do	Tomorrow I'm going to swim in the sea
WILL + VERB	Used when you decide to do something at the time of speaking, when you say it.	OK, I'll come to the party!

Sometimes the difference between present continuous and going to is very little so both forms can be possible. 

OTHER USES OF (BE) GOING TO.

 ·Predictions with real evidence.       ==> He's going to fail his exams (He's not studying).

OTHER USES OF WILL.

 ·Predictions with no real evidence. ==> It'll rain tomorrow (my knee is hurting a lot)
 ·Promises.      ==> OK, I'll send you a postcard from Paris!
 ·Threats.         ==> I won't forget it!
 ·Offers.           ==> I'll pick you up tomorrow / Shall I pick you up tomorrow?

    GOING TO

fig. 1 http://misskellyknowsbest.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/futsimplemind-telefonica-corrected.png

fig. 2. https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCfjm6A6tqZF8Aq-NNARB5kDgQ5-op2SPYoihANfCZzULfskX51JDtYUrQ-GYA0QdbqrPRMgZ1Lkc0QaP-ZTUclJivyu-7b4C0db0DTMZF5CtkDOWRfZ4v4-qGw8YqzEXSJJsDd-pw0VE/s1600/will-going+to.jpg

Past Continuous / Past Progressive

Past Continuous tense – Past Progressive

USE

We use the past continuous to talk about an action that was in progress at a certain time in the past, an action at some point in the past between its beginning and end

Example: He was working in the garden at 7 o’clock this morning.

The past continuous is used to describe an action that we were “in the middle of” at a time in the past.
-          I was watching TV at 8:00pm. (I was “in the middle of watching TV” at 8:00)
-          Miguel was cooking at noon. (At that time, Miguel was “in the middle of cooking”)

Structure

Positive/ Affirmative form

Subject + was/were + (-ing) + Complement

Examples:

-          Michael was watching the World Cup  match.
-          They were working all night long.
-          Josh and Silvia were talking about getting married.

Negative form

Subject + wasn’t/weren’t + (-ing) + Complement

Examples:

-          John wasn’t eating because he was feeling sick.
-          Jeff wasn’t watching TV.
-          My parents weren’t having a good time because it was very cold in Canada

Question Form

(Question Word) + was/were + Subject + (-ing) + Complement

-          What were you doing last night at around 8:00pm?
-          Was Jim doing his homework?
-          Were they sleeping all morning?

- Past continuous is very similar IN STRUCTURE to the Present Continuous tense. The only difference is that in the present continuous we use the verb to be in the present (am/is/are) but with the past continuous we use the verb to be in the past (was/were)

-   We do not use the auxiliary DID with the past continuous.

Examples:

Past Continuous Forms

Positive	Negative	Question
I was singing. You were singing. We were singing. They were singing. He was singing. She was singing. It was singing.	I was not singing. You were not singing. We were not singing. They were not singing. He was not singing. She was not singing. It was not singing.	Was I singing? Were you singing? Were we singing? Were they singing? Was he singing? Was she singing? Was it singing?

While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.

Examples:

• I was studying when she called.
• While I was studying, she called.
• While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
• Were you listening while he was talking?
• Jane was at my house when you arrived.
• You were studying when she called.
• Were you studying when she called?
• You were not studying when she called.

For more information go to the next links:

http://www.inglestotal.com/past-continuous-tense-past-progressive-grammar/
http://misskellyknowsbest.com/?page_id=341
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastcontinuous.html

Exercises:

PDF files WITH ANSWERS

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/past_continuous_all_forms_mixed_exercise_1.pdf

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/support-files/past_continuous_all_forms_mixed_exercise_2.pdf

More Exercises:

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/past_progressive_statements.htm
http://www.members.iinet.net.au/~adelegc/grammar/past_cont/past_cont_1.html

Online quizzes:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-progressive-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-progressive-2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-progressive-3

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_past-continuous-quiz.htm

THIRD CONDITIONAL REVIEW

Go to this link to review the Third Conditional

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6jGKZZaojM&feature=related

RELATIVE CLAUSES

There are three types of relative clauses in the English language - defining, non-defining and connective.
1. Defining relative clauses
They specify a noun or pronoun in the main clause and are necessary if we want to understand the
meaning of a sentence.
I saw the girl who was outside our house. They wanted the picture that cost two pounds.
These relative clauses specify the objects of the main clauses. If we omit them, it is not clear what girl or
picture we are talking about. The defining relative clauses follow after the relative pronouns who, which,
that, whose and whom. We do not write them with commas.
Use of the relative pronouns
Who for persons
The man who called you has just arrived.
Which for things
This is the book which I wanted.
That for persons and things
Are you the boy that lives next door?
Can you see the tree that has no leaves?
The relative pronoun that is less formal than who or which.
Whose is a possessive pronoun for persons and things
It is a story about a boy whose parents got divorced.
The river whose bridge is in front of us is called the Cam.
Whom is the object of a verb
The man whom I met yesterday ...
Whom is very formal. In spoken English who or that are much more common.
The man who I met ... The man that I met ...
We can also leave out the pronoun. It is the most usual form.
The man I met ...
If the subject in the main clause is different from the subject in the defining relative clause, we normally
leave out the relative pronoun.
The student you saw in Oxford is my neighbour. (the subjects are the student and you)
The bike she borrowed belongs to me. (the subjects are the bike and she)
Be careful
If  the subject in the main clause and the relative clause is the same, we cannot omit the pronoun,
because it becomes the subject of the relative clause.
The driver who took you to school is from York. The pen that is on the desk is new.
There is only one subject in each sentence - the driver and the pen.
If we leave out the subject, it will not be clear what we mean.
The driver took you to school is from York. (This sentence does not make any sense.)
Relative pronouns with prepositions
We use the relative pronouns with prepositions as follows.The man I got it from .....
The man who/that I got it from .....
The man from whom I got it .....
The last sentence is not very common in spoken English as it is quite formal.
2. Non-defining relative clauses
They only describe a preceding noun or pronoun (add some information about them), but do not specify
them. The non-defining relative clauses must be written with commas.
My father, who is 65 now, still works.
His car, which cost nearly 20,000 pounds, is broken.
If we leave out these relative clauses (My father still works. His car is broken.), the sentences remain
grammatically correct and we know what father or car we are talking about. The only effect is that there is
less information in the sentences.
More examples
I gave it to Peter, who is my close friend.
Ann, whom I admire, is not right in this case.
Their garden, which is near here, looks beautiful.
Pam, whose children go to school, is not so busy.
The non-defining relative clauses are quite formal and are typical of written English. In spoken English we
prefer less formal structures.
Written English: My father, who is 65 now, still works.
Spoken English: My father is 65 now and still works.
Written English: Their garden, which is near here, looks beautiful.
Spoken English: Their garden is near here. It looks beautiful.
In informal English we use who instead of whom.
Formal: Sam, whom I know quite well, would be a good husband.
Informal: Sam, who I know quite well, would be a good husband.
3. Connective relative clauses
Connective clauses do not define or describe the preceding nouns or pronouns, but only develop the
story.
I gave the letter to James, who sent it to London.
She passed me the salt, which fell on the floor.
The function of the connective clauses is different, but the rules are the same as with the non-defining
clauses. We make them with the pronouns who, whom, whose, which and write them with commas.
Remember
We cannot write the defining relative clauses with commas, because they change the meaning of a
sentence. Compare the following sentences.
The passengers who fastened their seatbelts survived. (Which passengers survived? Only the pasengers
wearing the seatbelts.)
The passengers, who fastened their seatbelts, survived. (Because all the passengers were wearing their
seatbelts, they survived.)
In spoken English we make pauses in sentences instead of commas.

YOU CAN VISIT THE LINK:
http://www.e-grammar.org
http://www.e-grammar.org/download/relative_clauses.pdf

CONDITIONALS

Grammar rules with examples

There are four basic types of conditional sentences in the English language. 

Examples: 

The zero conditional: I take my umbrella if it rains.

The first conditional: I'll call you if I work late.                                 

The second conditional: If the bus didn't arrive on time, I would drive you to the airport.          

The third conditional: She wouldn't have come if I hadn't invited her. 

 

► The zero conditional

 

The zero conditional describes situations that are always true. If has the same meaning as when orwhenever.

If I go to school, I get up at seven. (Whenever I go to school I get up at the same time.)

If you park your car on double yellow lines, you pay a fine. (Whenever you park illegally, you pay a fine.)

We use the present simple tense in both the main clauses and the if clauses.

 

► The first conditional

 

The first conditional sentences are used to speculate about possible situations that can really happen at present or in future.

We do not use will in an if clause to describe future activities (compare it to time clauses).

If he studies hard, he'll pass the exams. If we catch the 10.15 train, we will arrive on time. If you don't get the ticket, what will you do?

We make if clauses with if + present tense and main clauses with will + bare infinitive.

 

► The second conditional

 

In the second conditional sentences we speculate about situations that will probably never happen at present or in future.

If I had more time, I would help you. (But I am not free at the moment. I can't help you).

If I won a million dollars, I would start a business of my own. (But I know that it is not realistic.)

We make if clauses with if + past tense and main clauses with would + bare infinitive.

 

Note: the verb to be can be specific in the if clause.

If I were rich, I wouldn't work. If he were younger, he would marry her.

(But was is also possible: If I was rich, I wouldn't work. If he was younger, he would marry her.)

But: If I were you, I wouldn't do it. (In this expression, were is much more usual than was.)

 

Compare the first conditional with the second

The main difference between the first conditional and the second conditional is about probability: the first conditional is realistic, the second conditional is unrealistic.

Sometimes we can use both with the following difference in meaning.

If I see him, I will tell him. (I suppose I will see him, because we go to the same school.)

If I saw him, I would tell him. (I don't think I will see him, because he is ill.)

If I need your help, I'll call you. (It is probable that I will need your help.)

If I needed your help, I'd call you. (It is not very probable that I will need your help.)

 

Sometimes we must use either the first conditional or the second conditional to make it clear that the situation is real or unreal.

If you get up late, you will miss your bus. (a real situation)

If I came from your country, I would understand your problems. (an unreal situation - I am not from your country.)

Other forms

Apart from the basic structures (if + the present simple + will and if + the past simple + would), we can also make different combinations.

Examples - type 1: 

If you have finished your dinner, you can ask for the bill.

If you are feeling tired, take a rest.        

If he is a good skier, he might make it. 

If you want to be slim, you should eat less.        

If you meet her, could you let me know?

 

Examples - type 2:

If I knew his address, I might go and see him.   

If we were on holiday, we would be lying on a beach now.            

Why are we watching this film? If we were watching the news, it would be more interesting.

 

► The third conditional

 

The third conditional sentences always refer to the past. We speculate about situations that happened or did not happen in the past.

If I had won a million, I would have started a business of my own. (But I didn't win anything.)

If he had met her, he would have told her. (Unfortunately, he didn't meet her.)

If we hadn't practised, we wouldn't have won the match. (But we practised and won.) 

We make if clauses with if + past perfect and main clauses with would + perfect infinitive (have + past participle).

 

But we can also combine other verb structures in third conditional sentences.

We didn't save any money. If we had saved some money, we might have bought the house.         

She wasn't there and I wasn't sitting next to her. But if she had been there, I would have been sitting next to her.                                                                                  

I was looking at the trees when I fell off the bike. If I hadn't been looking at the trees, I wouldn' t have fallen off the bike.

The mixed conditionals

In the mixed conditional sentences we can combine the second and third conditional.

If he had left immediately, he would be here now. (He didn't leave immediately and isn't here.)

If I had studied hard when I was young, I wouldn't be a porter now. (I didn't study and I am a porter.)

If we hadn't told him the way while he was preparing for his journey, he would get lost now. (We told him and he isn't lost.)

The inverted conditionals

We can also make conditional sentences by changing the word order in the if clause.

Had he booked the hotel room, he wouln't have slept at the camp. (If he had booked ... )

Were I in your position, I would accept it. (If I were ... )

This is less common, quite formal and is mostly used in writing.

 

Note

 

If is the most frequent expression in the if clauses, but other expressions are also possible.

even if, provided (that), unless, on condition (that), in case                                                        

Examples: 

You will leave tonight even if you don't want to.   

You can have your birthday party provided that you aren't noisy.  

We'll sell you the ranch on condition you pay in cash.

You should take a dictionary with you in case you forgot some words.

Unless you do something, she won't come back. (If you don't do anything, ... )

 

SEE MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THEM ON:

http://www.e-grammar.org